2024 Is cefdinir used to treat covid 19

Oct 1, 2020 · In conclusion, this is an executive summary of a multidisciplinary guideline with recommendations for the empirical antibacterial treatment of hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and proven or high likelihood of COVID-19. Such recommendations on treatment in COVID-19 patients need to be updated regularly, as the evidence on ... . When will kfc open for dine in

Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this ...Outpatient Prescribing Trends “Trends in U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic,” published online first on Dec. 29, 2020, by Clinical Infectious Diseases ...May 1, 2023 · Amoxicillin and clavulanate combination is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body (eg, ear, lungs, sinus, skin, urinary tract). Amoxicillin and clavulanate combination is an antibiotic that belongs to the group of medicines known as penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors. The best antibiotic to treat cellulitis include dicloxacillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, or doxycycline antibiotics. Learn what medical treatments can help ease your cellulitis symptoms and speed up your recovery. Cellulitis is a type of skin infection caused by bacteria. It is a common but serious skin condition that needs urgent medical attention. In the ...We used GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence for the following primary outcomes: 1. to treat inpatients with moderate to severe COVID-19: mortality, clinical worsening defined as new need for intubation or death, clinical improvement defined as being discharged alive, quality of life, adverse and serious adverse events, and cardiac ...The antibiotics azithromycin and doxycycline should not be used in the management of confirmed or suspected COVID-19, the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) has advised. In an alert issued on 28 January 2021, the DHSC said NHS trusts must ensure that frontline medical, nursing, clinical and pharmacy teams are aware of the UK-wide recommendation […]There are currently two oral antiviral pills, Paxlovid and Lagevrio, authorized for emergency use for the treatment of certain patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Data have shown that the use ...Antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat staph infections include cefazolin, nafcillin, oxacillin, vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. For serious staph infections, vancomycin may be required. This is because so many strains of staph bacteria have become resistant to other traditional antibiotics. This means other antibiotics can no longer ...Azithromycin use was associated with a reduction in mortality and ventilation days in other viral infections. These properties could be beneficial throughout the COVID-19. However, the evidence of its use is scarce and of low quality. Azithromycin has been assessed in retrospective observational studies mainly in combination with ... Oct 9, 2020 · These include people with expertise and experience of treating patients for the specific health conditions covered by the guidance during the current COVID-19 pandemic. We developed this guideline using the interim process and methods for developing rapid guidelines on COVID-19 in response to the rapidly evolving situation. Mar 1, 2022 · The best antibiotic to treat cellulitis include dicloxacillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, or doxycycline antibiotics. Learn what medical treatments can help ease your cellulitis symptoms and speed up your recovery. Cellulitis is a type of skin infection caused by bacteria. It is a common but serious skin condition that needs urgent medical attention. In the ... It’s used to treat certain bacterial infections, including some sinus infections and upper respiratory tract infections that lead to: Headaches. Sore throat. Congestion. Runny noses. When is a Z-Pak good for a sinus infection? Spoiler alert: it’s not! Because it’s so easy to use, the Z-Pak used to be a go-to prescription for sinus infections.Notwithsanding the absence of evidence of clinical efficacy, these drugs are widely used outside of clinical trials (off label) for prophylaxis and treatment of this viral infection. The rationale behind the prescription of macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin) for Covid-19 is obscure as well.Reactions to penicillin may include hives, below-the-skin swelling, and asthma symptoms, as well as non-allergic symptoms such as serum sickness, certain forms of anemia, and rashes. In some cases a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis can occur. This article will discuss how a true penicillin allergy is diagnosed, possible reactions ...Change the face mask each day. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing. Then throw away the tissue. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't nearby, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol.Dec 29, 2020 · The study “Trends in Prescribing of Antibiotics and Drugs Investigated for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment in US Nursing Home Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” published ... Feb 27, 2004 · efficacy of Omnicef in neonates and infants less than six months of age have. not been established. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria. and maintain the effectiveness of Omnicef and other antibacterial drugs, Omnicef should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or. strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. These can be used as a fever reducer or to treat headache, sore throat or body aches. While ibuprofen will reduce your fever, there is some concern that it may not be safe to take with the novel coronavirus. More research needs to be done to know for sure. Stay hydrated. Fevers usually cause sweating, which means loss of water from your body. Feb 22, 2021 · All three drugs are used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people who have a higher risk of developing serious illness due to COVID-19. Treatment consists of a single intravenous infusion given in an outpatient setting. To be most effective, these medications need to be given soon after COVID-19 symptoms start and prior to hospitalization. Oct 1, 2020 · In conclusion, this is an executive summary of a multidisciplinary guideline with recommendations for the empirical antibacterial treatment of hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and proven or high likelihood of COVID-19. Such recommendations on treatment in COVID-19 patients need to be updated regularly, as the evidence on ... Mar 1, 2022 · The best antibiotic to treat cellulitis include dicloxacillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, or doxycycline antibiotics. Learn what medical treatments can help ease your cellulitis symptoms and speed up your recovery. Cellulitis is a type of skin infection caused by bacteria. It is a common but serious skin condition that needs urgent medical attention. In the ... Feb 27, 2004 · efficacy of Omnicef in neonates and infants less than six months of age have. not been established. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria. and maintain the effectiveness of Omnicef and other antibacterial drugs, Omnicef should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or. strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. Jul 9, 2020 · Intervention and comparator: Eligible patients will be randomized to receive standard outpatient treatment only (group 1) or standard outpatient treatment plus prednisone (group 2). - Group 1: paracetamol 1 g/8 h (on demand) + hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/12h the first day, 200 mg/12 h for 4 days + azithromycin 500 mg/24h for 5 days. This medication is used to treat coughs caused by the common cold and other breathing problems (such as pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma).May 1, 2023 · Omnicef; Descriptions. Cefdinir is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. It belongs to the class of medicines known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. However, this medicine will not work for colds, flu, or other virus infections. Ceftriaxone is used to treat both complicated and uncomplicated bacterial infections in adults. The recommended ceftriaxone dose for adults is between 250 mg and 2 grams per day, delivered as either a single dose or two equally divided doses given 12 hours apart. If needed, up to 4 grams can be used daily.Objective: We evaluated whether ivermectin combined with doxycycline reduced the clinical recovery time in adults with COVID-19 infection. Methods: This was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms randomly assigned to treatment (n = 200) and placebo (n = 200) groups. The drug distributes into various tissues (e.g. sinus and tonsil) and fluids (e.g. middle ear), and has a pharmacokinetic profile that allows for once- or twice-daily administration.Cefdinir, administered for 5 or 10 days, has shown good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of mild-to-moderate infections of the ... Chloroquine and nelfinavir were used as positive controls. Results: We revealed that the tested antibiotics exert strong capacity for binding to COVID-19 Main Protease (M pro). According to the results obtained from the GOLD docking program, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin bind to the protein active site more strongly than the native ligand. The Way You Take Prednisone Affects Immunosuppression. The method of delivery — or the way you take — prednisone matters too. People who use corticosteroids systemically (meaning orally or via injection) have a higher risk of developing immune system side effects compared to those who use the drug topically (such as for skin problems like eczema) or through an inhaler or nasal spray (such ...f The use of another COVID-19 therapy may need to be considered. These immunosuppressants have significant drug-drug interaction potential with ritonavir, and they should not be used if close monitoring, including therapeutic drug monitoring (i.e., measuring drug concentration), is not feasible. Consult a patient’s specialist providers before ...The drug distributes into various tissues (e.g. sinus and tonsil) and fluids (e.g. middle ear), and has a pharmacokinetic profile that allows for once- or twice-daily administration.Cefdinir, administered for 5 or 10 days, has shown good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of mild-to-moderate infections of the ...The NIH recommends against the use of antibacterial therapy (e.g., azithromycin, doxycycline) for non hospitalized COVID-19 patients unless there is another medical reason to prescribe an antibiotic.Diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell the doctor or pharmacist promptly. Taking this medication with food will help to reduce stomach upset ...Jul 21, 2023 · The RECOVERY trial randomized hospitalized adults with COVID-19 to receive usual care plus aspirin 150 mg per day (n = 7,351) or usual care only (n = 7,541). 37 At enrollment, 38% of the patients required NIV or mechanical ventilation. Mortality at 28 days was 17% in both arms (rate ratio 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89–1.04). Mar 1, 2022 · The best antibiotic to treat cellulitis include dicloxacillin, cephalexin, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, or doxycycline antibiotics. Learn what medical treatments can help ease your cellulitis symptoms and speed up your recovery. Cellulitis is a type of skin infection caused by bacteria. It is a common but serious skin condition that needs urgent medical attention. In the ... Covid-19 Self test kits; Oxygen Cans & Concentrators; ... Cefdinir is used in the treatment of bacterial infections. How Cefdinir works. Cefdinir is an antibiotic. It ...Examples include ceftriaxone (Rocephin), piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime (Maxipime ), ceftazidime (Fortaz) , vancomycin (Firvanq) , ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and levofloxacin (Levaquin). If you ...No safety issues were noted with use of doxycycline.Doxycycline is an attractive candidate as a repurposed drug in the treatment of COVID-19 infection, with an established safety profile, strong preclinical rationale, and compelling initial clinical experience described here. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material ...And, when used under the conditions described in the EUA to treat COVID-19, the known and potential benefits of baricitinib outweigh the known and potential risks for the drug. There are no ...May 1, 2023 · For infections: Adults and teenagers—300 milligrams (mg) every twelve hours or 600 mg once a day, taken for 5 to 10 days. Infants and children 6 months up to 12 years of age—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by your doctor. The dose is usually 7 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight every twelve hours or 14 ... Amoxicillin and clavulanate combination is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body (eg, ear, lungs, sinus, skin, urinary tract). Amoxicillin and clavulanate combination is an antibiotic that belongs to the group of medicines known as penicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors.Azithromycin (AZM) is commonly used in Covid‐19 patients based on low‐quality evidence, increasing the risk of developing adverse events and antimicrobial resistance. The current systematic review and meta‐analysis investigated the safety and efficacy of AZM in treating Covid‐19 patients using published randomized controlled trials.Jul 21, 2023 · f The use of another COVID-19 therapy may need to be considered. These immunosuppressants have significant drug-drug interaction potential with ritonavir, and they should not be used if close monitoring, including therapeutic drug monitoring (i.e., measuring drug concentration), is not feasible. Consult a patient’s specialist providers before ... Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are oral medications that doctors use to treat malaria. In March 2020, the FDA issued an EUA for both drugs to treat COVID-19. However, they revoked this ...Feb 22, 2021 · All three drugs are used to treat mild to moderate COVID-19 in people who have a higher risk of developing serious illness due to COVID-19. Treatment consists of a single intravenous infusion given in an outpatient setting. To be most effective, these medications need to be given soon after COVID-19 symptoms start and prior to hospitalization. COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group Key Research Question: Antimicrobial utilization in COVID-19 patients for suspected coinfection or superinfection: 1. What is the evidence for the use of antibacterial therapy upon admission for patients with respiratory symptoms who have suspected or confirmed COVID-19? 2.Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen can all be used for pain relief from COVID-19 body aches. Acetaminophen ( Tylenol ), ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin ), and naproxen ( Aleve) can all be used for pain relief from COVID-19 body aches if they are taken in the recommended doses and approved by your doctor. Early on in the pandemic, the World Health ...Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), used to treat Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis; Dapsone, used to treat leprosy, dermatitis and certain types of pneumonia; Keep in mind that if you have a reaction to a sulfonamide antibiotic, you may still be able to take other sulfonamide medications without having a reaction.Ceftriaxone is used to treat both complicated and uncomplicated bacterial infections in adults. The recommended ceftriaxone dose for adults is between 250 mg and 2 grams per day, delivered as either a single dose or two equally divided doses given 12 hours apart. If needed, up to 4 grams can be used daily.Jul 21, 2023 · The RECOVERY trial randomized hospitalized adults with COVID-19 to receive usual care plus aspirin 150 mg per day (n = 7,351) or usual care only (n = 7,541). 37 At enrollment, 38% of the patients required NIV or mechanical ventilation. Mortality at 28 days was 17% in both arms (rate ratio 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89–1.04). Results. Of all patients, including those with Do Not Resuscitate directives, receiving the dual-histamine receptor blockade for at least 48 h, the combination drug treatment resulted in a 16.4% rate of intubation, a 7.3% rate of intubation after a minimum of 48 h of treatment, a 15.5% rate of inpatient mortality, and 11.0 days duration of hospitalization.Use: For the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. Usual Pediatric Dose for COVID-19 (EUA) For investigational use only Use: Patients 12 to 18 years old weighing at least 40 kg: Nirmatrlvir: 300 mg orally twice a day Ritonavir: 100 mg orally ...SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a virus, and therefore antibiotics will not treat a coronavirus infection. Sometimes, people with COVID-19 develop other infections. Even then, it is ...A small study suggests that treating patients who have moderate or severe COVID-19 with ceftazidime or cefepime, plus the steroid dexamethasone, is as effective as standard care. The...Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this ...Mar 14, 2023 · Talk to your health care professional about available treatment options if you have COVID-19. Your provider will know the best option for you based on your symptoms, risks and health history. COVID-19; Diabetes; Environment & Sustainability; Exercise & Fitness; Eye Health; ... In children ages 6 months to 12 years, cefdinir is also used to treat otitis media (middle ear infection).The FDA also has authorized COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy with high antibody levels to treat COVID-19. Convalescent plasma is blood donated by people who've recovered from COVID-19. Convalescent plasma with high antibodies may be used to help people diagnosed with COVID-19 who have weakened immune systems.No safety issues were noted with use of doxycycline.Doxycycline is an attractive candidate as a repurposed drug in the treatment of COVID-19 infection, with an established safety profile, strong preclinical rationale, and compelling initial clinical experience described here. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material ...1. Introduction. The typical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia are fever, cough and dyspnea [].These symptoms may trigger clinicians to start empiric antibiotic treatment while waiting for diagnostic testing such as a SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test, radiology and blood investigations.And, when used under the conditions described in the EUA to treat COVID-19, the known and potential benefits of baricitinib outweigh the known and potential risks for the drug. There are no ...Methods. This was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms randomly assigned to treatment (n = 200) and placebo (n = 200) groups. The primary outcome was duration from treatment to clinical recovery. Secondary outcomes were disease progression and persistent COVID-19 positivity by RT-PCR.Azithromycin use was associated with a reduction in mortality and ventilation days in other viral infections. These properties could be beneficial throughout the COVID-19. However, the evidence of its use is scarce and of low quality. Azithromycin has been assessed in retrospective observational studies mainly in combination with ... Feb 24, 2021 · It’s used to treat certain bacterial infections, including some sinus infections and upper respiratory tract infections that lead to: Headaches. Sore throat. Congestion. Runny noses. When is a Z-Pak good for a sinus infection? Spoiler alert: it’s not! Because it’s so easy to use, the Z-Pak used to be a go-to prescription for sinus infections. Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Jun 7, 2021 · Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) COVID-19 Treatment Guidance (11) If empirical antibiotics are indicated, the recommendation is for: • Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID x 5 days or Azithromycin 500 mg PO x 1 then 250 mg PO daily for 4 days along with Ceftriaxone 1 gm IV daily. • For nonpregnant patients, doxycycline is preferred over azithromycin. Kory recommends a weekly dose of ivermectin to prevent COVID-19 infection. "He paints himself as a savior, which then implies that every other doctor is not a savior," Dr. Graham Walker, a San ...Doxycycline doesn’t treat cystitis, but it can treat other types of UTIs, like urethritis. Chlamydia is a common cause of this type of UTI. Doxycycline is the preferred treatment for chlamydia. Dosage. A typical course of doxycycline to treat urethritis is 100 mg (by mouth) twice a day for 7 days. Side effects. Common side effects of ...The antibiotics azithromycin and doxycycline should not be used in the management of confirmed or suspected COVID-19, the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) has advised. In an alert issued on 28 January 2021, the DHSC said NHS trusts must ensure that frontline medical, nursing, clinical and pharmacy teams are aware of the UK-wide recommendation […]Uses. Cefdinir is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.This antibiotic treats ...casirivimab and imdevimab, which must be administered together. the oral medication baricitinib (Olumiant), which must be administered with remdesivir. COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Fresenius Kabi ...Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this ...Notwithsanding the absence of evidence of clinical efficacy, these drugs are widely used outside of clinical trials (off label) for prophylaxis and treatment of this viral infection. The rationale behind the prescription of macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin) for Covid-19 is obscure as well.A small study suggests that treating patients who have moderate or severe COVID-19 with ceftazidime or cefepime, plus the steroid dexamethasone, is as effective as standard care. The...This substance helps keep the air sacs in the lungs stay open between breaths and is critical to normal lung function. As the inflammation from COVID pneumonia starts, it causes the air sacs to ...

May 25, 2023 · Wash your hands with soap and water often for at least 20 seconds. This is especially important to do after being in close contact or in the same room as the sick person. If soap and water aren't nearby, use a hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Wear a face mask. . Emi

Change the face mask each day. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing. Then throw away the tissue. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't nearby, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that has at least 60% alcohol.Methylprednisolone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, severe allergic reactions, certain cancers, eye conditions, skin / kidney /intestinal/ lung diseases, and immune ... Examples include ceftriaxone (Rocephin), piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime (Maxipime ), ceftazidime (Fortaz) , vancomycin (Firvanq) , ciprofloxacin (Cipro), and levofloxacin (Levaquin). If you ...Notwithsanding the absence of evidence of clinical efficacy, these drugs are widely used outside of clinical trials (off label) for prophylaxis and treatment of this viral infection. The rationale behind the prescription of macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin) for Covid-19 is obscure as well.In October 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of antiviral drug remdesivir as a treatment for people age 12 and older who are hospitalized for COVID-19. Doctors had been using remdesivir since May 2020, when the FDA granted an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the drug. This is a mechanism the FDA uses to allow ...Objective: We evaluated whether ivermectin combined with doxycycline reduced the clinical recovery time in adults with COVID-19 infection. Methods: This was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms randomly assigned to treatment (n = 200) and placebo (n = 200) groups.Sep 29, 2021 · Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), used to treat Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis; Dapsone, used to treat leprosy, dermatitis and certain types of pneumonia; Keep in mind that if you have a reaction to a sulfonamide antibiotic, you may still be able to take other sulfonamide medications without having a reaction. Azithromycin use was associated with a reduction in mortality and ventilation days in other viral infections. These properties could be beneficial throughout the COVID-19. However, the evidence of its use is scarce and of low quality. Azithromycin has been assessed in retrospective observational studies mainly in combination with ...Dexamethasone for COVID-19. Dexamethasone is a steroid drug that has been used for years to treat inflammation from many diseases including asthma, Crohn’s disease and certain cancers. Current guidelines recommend use of dexamethasone up to 10 days, or until discharge, for patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.May 1, 2023 · For infections: Adults and teenagers—300 milligrams (mg) every twelve hours or 600 mg once a day, taken for 5 to 10 days. Infants and children 6 months up to 12 years of age—Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by your doctor. The dose is usually 7 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight every twelve hours or 14 ... May 19, 2023 · COVID-19 rashes. Skin rashes are now associated with coronavirus COVID-19 infections. Similar to other viral diseases such as HIV and bacterial diseases like syphilis, COVID-19 rashes can take many different forms. One study from Spain identified five different patterns of COVID-19 rash. The most common type was a "maculopapular rash." Uses. Cefdinir is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.This antibiotic treats ...Cefdinir is a cephalosporin (SEF a low spor in) antibiotic that is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria. Cefdinir may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.Take this medication by mouth with or without food as directed by your doctor, usually 3 times daily as needed. Swallow this medication whole. Do not chew, suck, or dissolve this medication in ... Kory recommends a weekly dose of ivermectin to prevent COVID-19 infection. "He paints himself as a savior, which then implies that every other doctor is not a savior," Dr. Graham Walker, a San ... Methylprednisolone is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, severe allergic reactions, certain cancers, eye conditions, skin / kidney /intestinal/ lung diseases, and immune ....

Popular Topics